Physics Extended Essay Topics - Make Sure That You Choose Them Wisely

Physics Extended Essay Topics - Make Sure That You Choose Them WiselyThe Physics Extended Essay topics are designed to help students with physics subjects. There are four different topics of the topics to choose from and the different topics vary depending on the level of the student.For the non-advanced students, there are the four basic topics of the topics which can be chosen by the student. These topics would mainly cover everything that you will find in a normal course. The topics will help the student to go through the course assignments and solve problems on their own without having to ask for help from the teacher.The topics to help the students know what they need to do. If you want to become good at physics, then you should read all the chapters of the book. All the material that the teacher presents will be easy to understand for you and would make you understand the concepts very well. This would also help you focus in your own studies and concentrate on your studies as w ell.In addition to these topics, the student is also allowed to choose from the different topics that they want to take up. As an advanced student, you can choose from the advanced topics.Different students are given different sets of specific topics to choose from. A student who is a test taker and has high hopes can choose from the topic related to the subject of test taking. If you are just starting in this field and have low expectations about your progress, then you can choose from the general topic.The student must have low expectations about their progress in order to have the limited topic. But if you want to learn from the topics, then you will need to do well with the topics that you selected.The Physics Extended Essay Topics help the students have the right knowledge about the subject. It is also important for the students to be able to solve problems and study the topics which they have chosen. They must also have high expectations and must have proper planning before ch oosing the topics.

Essay on Strategies for Overcoming Test Anxiety - 624 Words

Anxiety can be defined as a state of uneasiness and nervousness resulting from the fear of unknown or the anticipation of some threatening event or situation. It can also be taken as a generalized mood or condition of mind that results from some unidentifiable cause or stimulus that is supposed to bring on some negative outcomes of certain possible future event/s or to simplify the whole idea, one can say that anxiety is the feeling of being worried about what may / will happen. This restlessness or uneasiness of feeling leads to various psychological and physiological disorders such as loss of appetite, loss of sleep, headache, palpitation, sweating, trembling etc. There are various types of anxieties. One of them is Test Anxiety. Test†¦show more content†¦To be a little nervous before or during a test/ exam is quite normal as most students experience it but it becomes a serious problem when it gets to the extent when one begins to lose his/ her concentration altogether and feels to have gone totally blank or unable to perform the given task. Due to this, the examinee may forget the concepts to answer the exam questions or goes so blank as to not understanding the questions at all. The examinee suffering from this anxiety may even think to quit the exam or gets unconscious. There are various causes of test anxiety such as poor exam preparation, lack of concentration, confusion or disability to grip the text or the taught material, poor past performance experiences, lack of resources required for the preparation, lack of management skills, cramming habits, thought of being failure in exam, worrying about other fellows, etc. In order to address and resolve this serious issue, the sufferer must take some initiatives himself or herself before going to any medical advisor. For example, first of all, you need to identify the change in your normal feelings. As soon as you detect the growing restlessness, you need to identify the cause. Instead of getting worried or creating panic, you need to think positively and rationally. Think not on the problem but on how you can resolve it. Being worried merely will not solve your problem but aggravate it. So be at ease and relaxed. ThenShow MoreRelatedTest Anxiety : An Age Old Remedy1273 Words   |  6 Pagespeople—many young college students in particular—is test anxiety. The syndrome is fairly self-explanatory, but the standard definition, at least according to Psychology Today, says: test anxiety is a psychological condition in which people experience extreme distress and anxiety in testing situations. The formality of certain institutions that requir e an evaluation of its participants can lead to great distress and at times despair, which is essentially test anxiety—and which can be found in many places, notRead MoreOvercoming Speech Apprehension1006 Words   |  4 PagesOvercoming Speech Apprehension Nervousness, ranging from slight edginess full-blown panic, plagues large numbers of adults and students whenever they are required to give oral presentations. It is quite common to be nervous when addressing an audience. Butterflies in the stomach, sweaty palms, and rapid heart rate are only a few of the symptoms reported by adults making important stand-up presentations and by students in business communication courses. If nervousness about presentations is a significantRead MoreResistance to Change in Organizations1422 Words   |  6 Pageschange. They are concerned about whether they will measure up to the new process, or if they are equipped to handle the new technology in the manner required of them. Not knowing what might happen, often leads to heightened anxiety and resisting change is one of the anxiety- reducing actions they employ. Moreover, employees become distrustful of management’s intentions in implementing programmes that will lead to change. They may have had previous experience with managers who attempted and failedRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injuries In The Military. Usaace. Ncoa.1077 Words   |  5 Pagesthan 7 days (Bryan, 2013). To analyze symptoms of TBIs that concern issues with emotion, vision, balance, hearing, and loss of sleep with each issue having its own range of harshness. Emotional and visual problems that exist include irritability, anxiety, anger, mood swings, tension, easily overwhelmed, depression, blurry vision, and difficulty reading. To diagnose symptoms other ways, they analyzing balance and hearing with recognition of dizziness, vertigo, coordination problems, and ringing inRead MoreSelf-Help Group Analysis1654 Words   |  7 PagesThis group meets every Wednesday from 5:30pm to 6:45pm in San Anselmo, California. Jennifer Rice is a licensed psychologist and she helps young teens and adolescents develop coping skills for anxiety, depression, and social related issues. The cost for each session is roughly fifty to sixty dollars, which because it is not covered by our insurance could cause eventually cause my family and me financial burden (Rice Sussex Directories Inc., 2017). If I was not able to enroll in that self-help groupRead MoreA Child Is Having A Problem Reading Even After Lots Of1617 Words   |  7 Pagesand spelling. Now, it is understood that dyslexia covers a broad range of things, including visual and auditory processing and memory capacity. It can be very hard to identify these difficulties in childhood, as children naturally develop coping strategies to circumvent problems†. Olds S. (2016) The two kinds of dyslexia are developmental dyslexia and acquired dyslexia. Developmental dyslexia means the child has a neurological condition that causes the child to have a problem in phonological awarenessRead MoreCoping And Coping Strategies1350 Words   |  6 PagesCoping strategies are specific psychological and behavioral aspects people use to deal with, master, reduce, minimize, or tolerate the occurrence of a stressful event. One coping strategy is problem-solving, it is an ongoing process in which we take what we know to help us unveil what we don’t know. This method includes overcoming obstacles by developing a hypothesis, testing its prediction, and coming to a reasonable solution. There are three simple roles that involve problem-solving which consistRead MoreOvercoming Resistance to Change1671 Words   |  7 PagesOvercoming Resistance to Change BUS 610 Organizational Behavior Overcoming Resistance Resistance is a normal and a perfectly natural reaction to change. Each person has their own amount they can take, but the reasons behind why employees resist in the first place may be surprising.   According to these experts, the fear of moving into an unknown future state creates anxiety and stress, even if the current state is painful (Eroke, 2013). A complete understanding of the unique ways thatRead MoreQuestions On Explaining Your Note Taking Ability Essay847 Words   |  4 Pagesa foundation for the minor areas. It all starts with being able to follow simple instructions. However, there is a myriad of information to retain. Thus, you will need to be to do the following: 1. Evaluate your note taking ability 2. Improve your test preparation 3. Review Case Studies on Note Taking How would you evaluate your note taking ability? I haven t taken notes in a very long time. At work, I usually just jot things down on a note pad. Then,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Standard Software From Spss 21.0 Package For Windows2001 Words   |  9 Pageswas provided and used. To test the data for the normality of the distribution the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion was used and The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to determine the impact of the independent variable culture on the dependent variables (concept indicators and coping strategies). We also applied the correlation analysis (Pearson) to find correlations between the concept and the coping strategies. To reveal the specific structures of the coping strategies in groups the factor analysis

Gestalt Therapy Essay - 1631 Words

Theory Overview Founder and developer of Gestalt Therapy, Fritz Perls MD, PhD, was born in 1893 to a Jewish family and passed away in 1970. Perls became inspired to start Gestalt therapy after his experiences with soldiers in World War I that were dealing with side effects due to being gassed. With the help of his wife, Laura Posner Perls, PhD, a strong foundation for Gestalt therapy was created. They wanted a therapy that stressed the importance of humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2013, p.193). Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on the client’s level of awareness in connection to the world, others in their world and past experiences. Powered by several main†¦show more content†¦Since this process is always vulnerable to interruption and distorting forces, therapy is called upon to restore lost connections between moments of experience. (p. 16). Gestalt therapy primarily focuses on the current situation but looks at the circumstances and past influences. This allows for a stronger focus on the current emotions and feelings. The client gains the ability to understand and become fully aware of what is being experienced rather than just interpreting the experience, helping them discover patterns in their behavior that can be positively changed. Strategies and Techniques The techniques utilized by Gestalt therapist, tap into the clients ability to communicate conflicts they are having. These techniques consist of the empty chair technique, past experiences in the here-and-now, analyzing dreams, and the use of questions. The empty chair technique puts the client in a role-play that has the client speak to an imaginary person that is someone in their life located in the empty chair. The client sits opposite off the empty chair playing both roles. This helps address conflicts or relationship issues for the client; to stimulate thinking and to highlight emotions and attitude (Tillett, 1984). Using past experiences with the here-and-now mentality help clients who are dealing with unresolved conflicts. It has the client do reenactments, transforming the issues into present-tense and bringing them to the now. They are bringing aboutShow MoreRelatedTheory of Gestalt Therapy2388 Words   |  10 PagesTheory of Gestalt Therapy â€Å"What is Gestalt Therapy?† This is a question that has divided therapists for decades. Although Gestalt Therapy is based on a set of techniques, it is ultimately the therapist own defined style that makes it unique – from the theatrical techniques of Fritz Perls to the one-on-one approach of Jim Simken. According to G.M. Yontef (Awareness, Dialogue and Process Pg 203), Gestalt Therapy is: 1. a bringing about of awareness 2. it is based on the I and Thou contactRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desiredRead MoreGestalt Therapy2369 Words   |  10 PagesQuotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other people s expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. --Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Gestalt Therapy and Person Centred Therapy3793 Words   |  16 Pagesestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that relates to the process of human perception and works on a basic concept of the Gestalt approach  «The whole is different from the sum of its parts. » This approach in Gestalt psychotherapy describes the process of perception in addition to the psychic equipment in general. The Gestalt approach originated from research that was initiated by psychologists specializing in human perception which demonstrated that humans do not recognizeRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition o f one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, andRead MoreThe Psychology Of Gestalt Therapy Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the invention of Gestalt therapy, it has helped tremendously. Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, although deceased his presents is felt everyday through Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy has training for anyone who might be interested into going into its practice. There are many facilities around the world that specialize in the training of the practice of Gestalt therapy. Among these facilities are The Gestalt Therapy Institute of Philadelphia, The Gestalt Therapy Institute of New ZealandRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTreatment Of Therapy And Gestalt Therapy1348 Words   |  6 PagesTherapy is the treatment of people who are suffering from the psychological problem and that situation, the therapist works in collaboration with the patient, to determine the cause. This paper seeks to explore the two types of therapy which person-centered therapy and gestalt therapy. The paper will also go into details by comparing and contrasting the two therapies and how they work. Person Centered Therapy (PCT)-it is also known us client-centered approach is a way or an approach of understandingRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Therapy PSYU-501 February 13, 2012 Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy was founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s. It instructs the client on the phenomenological method which is the theory that says behavior is determined by the way the person perceives reality rather than by objective external reality. This therapy method is an influential preference compared to the two chief therapeutic methods, psychoanalysis and behavioral therapy. This therapy combines theRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesGestalt Therapy I. Summary and Integration of Major Concepts Founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s, Gestalt therapy is a phenomenological -- existential methodology which emphasizes experience and experimentation. Gestalt is a German term that means a complete pattern or configuration (p. 112). Though there are many modalities and styles in Gestalt therapy, it is holistic in its approach uniting mind, body, and feeling (p. 112). Some concepts at the core

Gestalt Therapy Essay - 1631 Words

Theory Overview Founder and developer of Gestalt Therapy, Fritz Perls MD, PhD, was born in 1893 to a Jewish family and passed away in 1970. Perls became inspired to start Gestalt therapy after his experiences with soldiers in World War I that were dealing with side effects due to being gassed. With the help of his wife, Laura Posner Perls, PhD, a strong foundation for Gestalt therapy was created. They wanted a therapy that stressed the importance of humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2013, p.193). Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on the client’s level of awareness in connection to the world, others in their world and past experiences. Powered by several main†¦show more content†¦Since this process is always vulnerable to interruption and distorting forces, therapy is called upon to restore lost connections between moments of experience. (p. 16). Gestalt therapy primarily focuses on the current situation but looks at the circumstances and past influences. This allows for a stronger focus on the current emotions and feelings. The client gains the ability to understand and become fully aware of what is being experienced rather than just interpreting the experience, helping them discover patterns in their behavior that can be positively changed. Strategies and Techniques The techniques utilized by Gestalt therapist, tap into the clients ability to communicate conflicts they are having. These techniques consist of the empty chair technique, past experiences in the here-and-now, analyzing dreams, and the use of questions. The empty chair technique puts the client in a role-play that has the client speak to an imaginary person that is someone in their life located in the empty chair. The client sits opposite off the empty chair playing both roles. This helps address conflicts or relationship issues for the client; to stimulate thinking and to highlight emotions and attitude (Tillett, 1984). Using past experiences with the here-and-now mentality help clients who are dealing with unresolved conflicts. It has the client do reenactments, transforming the issues into present-tense and bringing them to the now. They are bringing aboutShow MoreRelatedTheory of Gestalt Therapy2388 Words   |  10 PagesTheory of Gestalt Therapy â€Å"What is Gestalt Therapy?† This is a question that has divided therapists for decades. Although Gestalt Therapy is based on a set of techniques, it is ultimately the therapist own defined style that makes it unique – from the theatrical techniques of Fritz Perls to the one-on-one approach of Jim Simken. According to G.M. Yontef (Awareness, Dialogue and Process Pg 203), Gestalt Therapy is: 1. a bringing about of awareness 2. it is based on the I and Thou contactRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desiredRead MoreGestalt Therapy2369 Words   |  10 PagesQuotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other people s expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. --Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Gestalt Therapy and Person Centred Therapy3793 Words   |  16 Pagesestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that relates to the process of human perception and works on a basic concept of the Gestalt approach  «The whole is different from the sum of its parts. » This approach in Gestalt psychotherapy describes the process of perception in addition to the psychic equipment in general. The Gestalt approach originated from research that was initiated by psychologists specializing in human perception which demonstrated that humans do not recognizeRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition o f one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, andRead MoreThe Psychology Of Gestalt Therapy Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the invention of Gestalt therapy, it has helped tremendously. Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, although deceased his presents is felt everyday through Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy has training for anyone who might be interested into going into its practice. There are many facilities around the world that specialize in the training of the practice of Gestalt therapy. Among these facilities are The Gestalt Therapy Institute of Philadelphia, The Gestalt Therapy Institute of New ZealandRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTreatment Of Therapy And Gestalt Therapy1348 Words   |  6 PagesTherapy is the treatment of people who are suffering from the psychological problem and that situation, the therapist works in collaboration with the patient, to determine the cause. This paper seeks to explore the two types of therapy which person-centered therapy and gestalt therapy. The paper will also go into details by comparing and contrasting the two therapies and how they work. Person Centered Therapy (PCT)-it is also known us client-centered approach is a way or an approach of understandingRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Therapy PSYU-501 February 13, 2012 Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy was founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s. It instructs the client on the phenomenological method which is the theory that says behavior is determined by the way the person perceives reality rather than by objective external reality. This therapy method is an influential preference compared to the two chief therapeutic methods, psychoanalysis and behavioral therapy. This therapy combines theRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesGestalt Therapy I. Summary and Integration of Major Concepts Founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s, Gestalt therapy is a phenomenological -- existential methodology which emphasizes experience and experimentation. Gestalt is a German term that means a complete pattern or configuration (p. 112). Though there are many modalities and styles in Gestalt therapy, it is holistic in its approach uniting mind, body, and feeling (p. 112). Some concepts at the core

Gestalt Therapy Essay - 1631 Words

Theory Overview Founder and developer of Gestalt Therapy, Fritz Perls MD, PhD, was born in 1893 to a Jewish family and passed away in 1970. Perls became inspired to start Gestalt therapy after his experiences with soldiers in World War I that were dealing with side effects due to being gassed. With the help of his wife, Laura Posner Perls, PhD, a strong foundation for Gestalt therapy was created. They wanted a therapy that stressed the importance of humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2013, p.193). Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on the client’s level of awareness in connection to the world, others in their world and past experiences. Powered by several main†¦show more content†¦Since this process is always vulnerable to interruption and distorting forces, therapy is called upon to restore lost connections between moments of experience. (p. 16). Gestalt therapy primarily focuses on the current situation but looks at the circumstances and past influences. This allows for a stronger focus on the current emotions and feelings. The client gains the ability to understand and become fully aware of what is being experienced rather than just interpreting the experience, helping them discover patterns in their behavior that can be positively changed. Strategies and Techniques The techniques utilized by Gestalt therapist, tap into the clients ability to communicate conflicts they are having. These techniques consist of the empty chair technique, past experiences in the here-and-now, analyzing dreams, and the use of questions. The empty chair technique puts the client in a role-play that has the client speak to an imaginary person that is someone in their life located in the empty chair. The client sits opposite off the empty chair playing both roles. This helps address conflicts or relationship issues for the client; to stimulate thinking and to highlight emotions and attitude (Tillett, 1984). Using past experiences with the here-and-now mentality help clients who are dealing with unresolved conflicts. It has the client do reenactments, transforming the issues into present-tense and bringing them to the now. They are bringing aboutShow MoreRelatedTheory of Gestalt Therapy2388 Words   |  10 PagesTheory of Gestalt Therapy â€Å"What is Gestalt Therapy?† This is a question that has divided therapists for decades. Although Gestalt Therapy is based on a set of techniques, it is ultimately the therapist own defined style that makes it unique – from the theatrical techniques of Fritz Perls to the one-on-one approach of Jim Simken. According to G.M. Yontef (Awareness, Dialogue and Process Pg 203), Gestalt Therapy is: 1. a bringing about of awareness 2. it is based on the I and Thou contactRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desiredRead MoreGestalt Therapy2369 Words   |  10 PagesQuotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other people s expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. --Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Gestalt Therapy and Person Centred Therapy3793 Words   |  16 Pagesestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that relates to the process of human perception and works on a basic concept of the Gestalt approach  «The whole is different from the sum of its parts. » This approach in Gestalt psychotherapy describes the process of perception in addition to the psychic equipment in general. The Gestalt approach originated from research that was initiated by psychologists specializing in human perception which demonstrated that humans do not recognizeRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition o f one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, andRead MoreThe Psychology Of Gestalt Therapy Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the invention of Gestalt therapy, it has helped tremendously. Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, although deceased his presents is felt everyday through Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy has training for anyone who might be interested into going into its practice. There are many facilities around the world that specialize in the training of the practice of Gestalt therapy. Among these facilities are The Gestalt Therapy Institute of Philadelphia, The Gestalt Therapy Institute of New ZealandRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTreatment Of Therapy And Gestalt Therapy1348 Words   |  6 PagesTherapy is the treatment of people who are suffering from the psychological problem and that situation, the therapist works in collaboration with the patient, to determine the cause. This paper seeks to explore the two types of therapy which person-centered therapy and gestalt therapy. The paper will also go into details by comparing and contrasting the two therapies and how they work. Person Centered Therapy (PCT)-it is also known us client-centered approach is a way or an approach of understandingRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Therapy PSYU-501 February 13, 2012 Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy was founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s. It instructs the client on the phenomenological method which is the theory that says behavior is determined by the way the person perceives reality rather than by objective external reality. This therapy method is an influential preference compared to the two chief therapeutic methods, psychoanalysis and behavioral therapy. This therapy combines theRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesGestalt Therapy I. Summary and Integration of Major Concepts Founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s, Gestalt therapy is a phenomenological -- existential methodology which emphasizes experience and experimentation. Gestalt is a German term that means a complete pattern or configuration (p. 112). Though there are many modalities and styles in Gestalt therapy, it is holistic in its approach uniting mind, body, and feeling (p. 112). Some concepts at the core

Gestalt Therapy Essay - 1631 Words

Theory Overview Founder and developer of Gestalt Therapy, Fritz Perls MD, PhD, was born in 1893 to a Jewish family and passed away in 1970. Perls became inspired to start Gestalt therapy after his experiences with soldiers in World War I that were dealing with side effects due to being gassed. With the help of his wife, Laura Posner Perls, PhD, a strong foundation for Gestalt therapy was created. They wanted a therapy that stressed the importance of humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2013, p.193). Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on the client’s level of awareness in connection to the world, others in their world and past experiences. Powered by several main†¦show more content†¦Since this process is always vulnerable to interruption and distorting forces, therapy is called upon to restore lost connections between moments of experience. (p. 16). Gestalt therapy primarily focuses on the current situation but looks at the circumstances and past influences. This allows for a stronger focus on the current emotions and feelings. The client gains the ability to understand and become fully aware of what is being experienced rather than just interpreting the experience, helping them discover patterns in their behavior that can be positively changed. Strategies and Techniques The techniques utilized by Gestalt therapist, tap into the clients ability to communicate conflicts they are having. These techniques consist of the empty chair technique, past experiences in the here-and-now, analyzing dreams, and the use of questions. The empty chair technique puts the client in a role-play that has the client speak to an imaginary person that is someone in their life located in the empty chair. The client sits opposite off the empty chair playing both roles. This helps address conflicts or relationship issues for the client; to stimulate thinking and to highlight emotions and attitude (Tillett, 1984). Using past experiences with the here-and-now mentality help clients who are dealing with unresolved conflicts. It has the client do reenactments, transforming the issues into present-tense and bringing them to the now. They are bringing aboutShow MoreRelatedTheory of Gestalt Therapy2388 Words   |  10 PagesTheory of Gestalt Therapy â€Å"What is Gestalt Therapy?† This is a question that has divided therapists for decades. Although Gestalt Therapy is based on a set of techniques, it is ultimately the therapist own defined style that makes it unique – from the theatrical techniques of Fritz Perls to the one-on-one approach of Jim Simken. According to G.M. Yontef (Awareness, Dialogue and Process Pg 203), Gestalt Therapy is: 1. a bringing about of awareness 2. it is based on the I and Thou contactRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desiredRead MoreGestalt Therapy2369 Words   |  10 PagesQuotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other people s expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. --Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Gestalt Therapy and Person Centred Therapy3793 Words   |  16 Pagesestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that relates to the process of human perception and works on a basic concept of the Gestalt approach  «The whole is different from the sum of its parts. » This approach in Gestalt psychotherapy describes the process of perception in addition to the psychic equipment in general. The Gestalt approach originated from research that was initiated by psychologists specializing in human perception which demonstrated that humans do not recognizeRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition o f one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, andRead MoreThe Psychology Of Gestalt Therapy Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the invention of Gestalt therapy, it has helped tremendously. Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, although deceased his presents is felt everyday through Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy has training for anyone who might be interested into going into its practice. There are many facilities around the world that specialize in the training of the practice of Gestalt therapy. Among these facilities are The Gestalt Therapy Institute of Philadelphia, The Gestalt Therapy Institute of New ZealandRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTreatment Of Therapy And Gestalt Therapy1348 Words   |  6 PagesTherapy is the treatment of people who are suffering from the psychological problem and that situation, the therapist works in collaboration with the patient, to determine the cause. This paper seeks to explore the two types of therapy which person-centered therapy and gestalt therapy. The paper will also go into details by comparing and contrasting the two therapies and how they work. Person Centered Therapy (PCT)-it is also known us client-centered approach is a way or an approach of understandingRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Therapy PSYU-501 February 13, 2012 Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy was founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s. It instructs the client on the phenomenological method which is the theory that says behavior is determined by the way the person perceives reality rather than by objective external reality. This therapy method is an influential preference compared to the two chief therapeutic methods, psychoanalysis and behavioral therapy. This therapy combines theRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesGestalt Therapy I. Summary and Integration of Major Concepts Founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s, Gestalt therapy is a phenomenological -- existential methodology which emphasizes experience and experimentation. Gestalt is a German term that means a complete pattern or configuration (p. 112). Though there are many modalities and styles in Gestalt therapy, it is holistic in its approach uniting mind, body, and feeling (p. 112). Some concepts at the core

Gestalt Therapy Essay - 1631 Words

Theory Overview Founder and developer of Gestalt Therapy, Fritz Perls MD, PhD, was born in 1893 to a Jewish family and passed away in 1970. Perls became inspired to start Gestalt therapy after his experiences with soldiers in World War I that were dealing with side effects due to being gassed. With the help of his wife, Laura Posner Perls, PhD, a strong foundation for Gestalt therapy was created. They wanted a therapy that stressed the importance of humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2013, p.193). Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on the client’s level of awareness in connection to the world, others in their world and past experiences. Powered by several main†¦show more content†¦Since this process is always vulnerable to interruption and distorting forces, therapy is called upon to restore lost connections between moments of experience. (p. 16). Gestalt therapy primarily focuses on the current situation but looks at the circumstances and past influences. This allows for a stronger focus on the current emotions and feelings. The client gains the ability to understand and become fully aware of what is being experienced rather than just interpreting the experience, helping them discover patterns in their behavior that can be positively changed. Strategies and Techniques The techniques utilized by Gestalt therapist, tap into the clients ability to communicate conflicts they are having. These techniques consist of the empty chair technique, past experiences in the here-and-now, analyzing dreams, and the use of questions. The empty chair technique puts the client in a role-play that has the client speak to an imaginary person that is someone in their life located in the empty chair. The client sits opposite off the empty chair playing both roles. This helps address conflicts or relationship issues for the client; to stimulate thinking and to highlight emotions and attitude (Tillett, 1984). Using past experiences with the here-and-now mentality help clients who are dealing with unresolved conflicts. It has the client do reenactments, transforming the issues into present-tense and bringing them to the now. They are bringing aboutShow MoreRelatedTheory of Gestalt Therapy2388 Words   |  10 PagesTheory of Gestalt Therapy â€Å"What is Gestalt Therapy?† This is a question that has divided therapists for decades. Although Gestalt Therapy is based on a set of techniques, it is ultimately the therapist own defined style that makes it unique – from the theatrical techniques of Fritz Perls to the one-on-one approach of Jim Simken. According to G.M. Yontef (Awareness, Dialogue and Process Pg 203), Gestalt Therapy is: 1. a bringing about of awareness 2. it is based on the I and Thou contactRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desiredRead MoreGestalt Therapy2369 Words   |  10 PagesQuotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other people s expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. --Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Gestalt Therapy and Person Centred Therapy3793 Words   |  16 Pagesestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that relates to the process of human perception and works on a basic concept of the Gestalt approach  «The whole is different from the sum of its parts. » This approach in Gestalt psychotherapy describes the process of perception in addition to the psychic equipment in general. The Gestalt approach originated from research that was initiated by psychologists specializing in human perception which demonstrated that humans do not recognizeRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition o f one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, andRead MoreThe Psychology Of Gestalt Therapy Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the invention of Gestalt therapy, it has helped tremendously. Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, although deceased his presents is felt everyday through Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy has training for anyone who might be interested into going into its practice. There are many facilities around the world that specialize in the training of the practice of Gestalt therapy. Among these facilities are The Gestalt Therapy Institute of Philadelphia, The Gestalt Therapy Institute of New ZealandRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTreatment Of Therapy And Gestalt Therapy1348 Words   |  6 PagesTherapy is the treatment of people who are suffering from the psychological problem and that situation, the therapist works in collaboration with the patient, to determine the cause. This paper seeks to explore the two types of therapy which person-centered therapy and gestalt therapy. The paper will also go into details by comparing and contrasting the two therapies and how they work. Person Centered Therapy (PCT)-it is also known us client-centered approach is a way or an approach of understandingRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Therapy PSYU-501 February 13, 2012 Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy was founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s. It instructs the client on the phenomenological method which is the theory that says behavior is determined by the way the person perceives reality rather than by objective external reality. This therapy method is an influential preference compared to the two chief therapeutic methods, psychoanalysis and behavioral therapy. This therapy combines theRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesGestalt Therapy I. Summary and Integration of Major Concepts Founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s, Gestalt therapy is a phenomenological -- existential methodology which emphasizes experience and experimentation. Gestalt is a German term that means a complete pattern or configuration (p. 112). Though there are many modalities and styles in Gestalt therapy, it is holistic in its approach uniting mind, body, and feeling (p. 112). Some concepts at the core

Gestalt Therapy Essay - 1631 Words

Theory Overview Founder and developer of Gestalt Therapy, Fritz Perls MD, PhD, was born in 1893 to a Jewish family and passed away in 1970. Perls became inspired to start Gestalt therapy after his experiences with soldiers in World War I that were dealing with side effects due to being gassed. With the help of his wife, Laura Posner Perls, PhD, a strong foundation for Gestalt therapy was created. They wanted a therapy that stressed the importance of humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2013, p.193). Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on the client’s level of awareness in connection to the world, others in their world and past experiences. Powered by several main†¦show more content†¦Since this process is always vulnerable to interruption and distorting forces, therapy is called upon to restore lost connections between moments of experience. (p. 16). Gestalt therapy primarily focuses on the current situation but looks at the circumstances and past influences. This allows for a stronger focus on the current emotions and feelings. The client gains the ability to understand and become fully aware of what is being experienced rather than just interpreting the experience, helping them discover patterns in their behavior that can be positively changed. Strategies and Techniques The techniques utilized by Gestalt therapist, tap into the clients ability to communicate conflicts they are having. These techniques consist of the empty chair technique, past experiences in the here-and-now, analyzing dreams, and the use of questions. The empty chair technique puts the client in a role-play that has the client speak to an imaginary person that is someone in their life located in the empty chair. The client sits opposite off the empty chair playing both roles. This helps address conflicts or relationship issues for the client; to stimulate thinking and to highlight emotions and attitude (Tillett, 1984). Using past experiences with the here-and-now mentality help clients who are dealing with unresolved conflicts. It has the client do reenactments, transforming the issues into present-tense and bringing them to the now. They are bringing aboutShow MoreRelatedTheory of Gestalt Therapy2388 Words   |  10 PagesTheory of Gestalt Therapy â€Å"What is Gestalt Therapy?† This is a question that has divided therapists for decades. Although Gestalt Therapy is based on a set of techniques, it is ultimately the therapist own defined style that makes it unique – from the theatrical techniques of Fritz Perls to the one-on-one approach of Jim Simken. According to G.M. Yontef (Awareness, Dialogue and Process Pg 203), Gestalt Therapy is: 1. a bringing about of awareness 2. it is based on the I and Thou contactRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desiredRead MoreGestalt Therapy2369 Words   |  10 PagesQuotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other people s expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. --Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Gestalt Therapy and Person Centred Therapy3793 Words   |  16 Pagesestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that relates to the process of human perception and works on a basic concept of the Gestalt approach  «The whole is different from the sum of its parts. » This approach in Gestalt psychotherapy describes the process of perception in addition to the psychic equipment in general. The Gestalt approach originated from research that was initiated by psychologists specializing in human perception which demonstrated that humans do not recognizeRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition o f one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, andRead MoreThe Psychology Of Gestalt Therapy Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the invention of Gestalt therapy, it has helped tremendously. Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, although deceased his presents is felt everyday through Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy has training for anyone who might be interested into going into its practice. There are many facilities around the world that specialize in the training of the practice of Gestalt therapy. Among these facilities are The Gestalt Therapy Institute of Philadelphia, The Gestalt Therapy Institute of New ZealandRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTreatment Of Therapy And Gestalt Therapy1348 Words   |  6 PagesTherapy is the treatment of people who are suffering from the psychological problem and that situation, the therapist works in collaboration with the patient, to determine the cause. This paper seeks to explore the two types of therapy which person-centered therapy and gestalt therapy. The paper will also go into details by comparing and contrasting the two therapies and how they work. Person Centered Therapy (PCT)-it is also known us client-centered approach is a way or an approach of understandingRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Therapy PSYU-501 February 13, 2012 Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy was founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s. It instructs the client on the phenomenological method which is the theory that says behavior is determined by the way the person perceives reality rather than by objective external reality. This therapy method is an influential preference compared to the two chief therapeutic methods, psychoanalysis and behavioral therapy. This therapy combines theRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesGestalt Therapy I. Summary and Integration of Major Concepts Founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s, Gestalt therapy is a phenomenological -- existential methodology which emphasizes experience and experimentation. Gestalt is a German term that means a complete pattern or configuration (p. 112). Though there are many modalities and styles in Gestalt therapy, it is holistic in its approach uniting mind, body, and feeling (p. 112). Some concepts at the core

Gestalt Therapy Essay - 1631 Words

Theory Overview Founder and developer of Gestalt Therapy, Fritz Perls MD, PhD, was born in 1893 to a Jewish family and passed away in 1970. Perls became inspired to start Gestalt therapy after his experiences with soldiers in World War I that were dealing with side effects due to being gassed. With the help of his wife, Laura Posner Perls, PhD, a strong foundation for Gestalt therapy was created. They wanted a therapy that stressed the importance of humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2013, p.193). Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on the client’s level of awareness in connection to the world, others in their world and past experiences. Powered by several main†¦show more content†¦Since this process is always vulnerable to interruption and distorting forces, therapy is called upon to restore lost connections between moments of experience. (p. 16). Gestalt therapy primarily focuses on the current situation but looks at the circumstances and past influences. This allows for a stronger focus on the current emotions and feelings. The client gains the ability to understand and become fully aware of what is being experienced rather than just interpreting the experience, helping them discover patterns in their behavior that can be positively changed. Strategies and Techniques The techniques utilized by Gestalt therapist, tap into the clients ability to communicate conflicts they are having. These techniques consist of the empty chair technique, past experiences in the here-and-now, analyzing dreams, and the use of questions. The empty chair technique puts the client in a role-play that has the client speak to an imaginary person that is someone in their life located in the empty chair. The client sits opposite off the empty chair playing both roles. This helps address conflicts or relationship issues for the client; to stimulate thinking and to highlight emotions and attitude (Tillett, 1984). Using past experiences with the here-and-now mentality help clients who are dealing with unresolved conflicts. It has the client do reenactments, transforming the issues into present-tense and bringing them to the now. They are bringing aboutShow MoreRelatedTheory of Gestalt Therapy2388 Words   |  10 PagesTheory of Gestalt Therapy â€Å"What is Gestalt Therapy?† This is a question that has divided therapists for decades. Although Gestalt Therapy is based on a set of techniques, it is ultimately the therapist own defined style that makes it unique – from the theatrical techniques of Fritz Perls to the one-on-one approach of Jim Simken. According to G.M. Yontef (Awareness, Dialogue and Process Pg 203), Gestalt Therapy is: 1. a bringing about of awareness 2. it is based on the I and Thou contactRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desiredRead MoreGestalt Therapy2369 Words   |  10 PagesQuotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other people s expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. --Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Gestalt Therapy and Person Centred Therapy3793 Words   |  16 Pagesestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that relates to the process of human perception and works on a basic concept of the Gestalt approach  «The whole is different from the sum of its parts. » This approach in Gestalt psychotherapy describes the process of perception in addition to the psychic equipment in general. The Gestalt approach originated from research that was initiated by psychologists specializing in human perception which demonstrated that humans do not recognizeRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition o f one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, andRead MoreThe Psychology Of Gestalt Therapy Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the invention of Gestalt therapy, it has helped tremendously. Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, although deceased his presents is felt everyday through Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy has training for anyone who might be interested into going into its practice. There are many facilities around the world that specialize in the training of the practice of Gestalt therapy. Among these facilities are The Gestalt Therapy Institute of Philadelphia, The Gestalt Therapy Institute of New ZealandRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTreatment Of Therapy And Gestalt Therapy1348 Words   |  6 PagesTherapy is the treatment of people who are suffering from the psychological problem and that situation, the therapist works in collaboration with the patient, to determine the cause. This paper seeks to explore the two types of therapy which person-centered therapy and gestalt therapy. The paper will also go into details by comparing and contrasting the two therapies and how they work. Person Centered Therapy (PCT)-it is also known us client-centered approach is a way or an approach of understandingRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Therapy PSYU-501 February 13, 2012 Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy was founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s. It instructs the client on the phenomenological method which is the theory that says behavior is determined by the way the person perceives reality rather than by objective external reality. This therapy method is an influential preference compared to the two chief therapeutic methods, psychoanalysis and behavioral therapy. This therapy combines theRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesGestalt Therapy I. Summary and Integration of Major Concepts Founded by Frederick (Fritz) and Laura Perls in the 1940s, Gestalt therapy is a phenomenological -- existential methodology which emphasizes experience and experimentation. Gestalt is a German term that means a complete pattern or configuration (p. 112). Though there are many modalities and styles in Gestalt therapy, it is holistic in its approach uniting mind, body, and feeling (p. 112). Some concepts at the core

Global Warming A Global Climate Change - 1457 Words

I watched in the TV in last years about a lot of phenomena happened by global warming like, increasing the temperature degrees, and melting the snow mountains around the word. However, global warming has played a major role in changing the weather all over the world. The climate change all over the world is a proof that the weather conditions are changing. Global warming has made some of the hottest land cold now and the countries that never had a summer in millenniums are now having sunlight regularly. These are the basic changes that signify that global warming is affecting the whole world. Global climate change is a procedure which is - according to the climate studies - a rapid change in the climate of some countries. The weather of some countries is changing and the climate has changed the pattern which is known as a global climate change. The issue of global warming is very complicated and exceptionally serious, having affected the whole planet over the last decades, it cannot be improved by one effective solution; however, the situation can still be ameliorated through different approaches combined together, such as green transportation, exploring nuclear power, managing forests and agriculture, and phasing out fossil fuel electricity. In this research paper, I will talk about the causes and effects of global warning, the risk of global warming, and finally a few solutions for this epidemic. Global warming causes the emission carbon dioxide, which is one ofShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : Global Climate Change1209 Words   |  5 PagesBrooke Bogan Carol Dale, M.Ed. 1301 Dual Credit English IV November 4, 2015 WA #6- Global Climate Change Global climate change is a topic that had been hotly debated across the country for years. Though not many people believe it, scientists have proved the global warming is in fact partly caused by man. The greenhouse effect is gradually increasing the temperature of the earth because humans are constantly burning natural gases and oils, greenhouse gases being trapped in the atmosphere, deforestationRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1354 Words   |  6 PagesIt is becoming a less and less contested issue that global climate change is a significant issue. When the idea of global warming first burst onto the main stage in the late 20th century, a majority of Americans were skeptical. Many of the predictions that the original scientists made proved to be incorrect, and often the scientific methods the scientists used were faulty. Since the early stages though, the science behind global climate change has gotten better. We now have more data and better modelsRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : The Global Warming1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe Global Climate Change Currently when human life is growing, human activities impact on the environment and climate to lead to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and that is the big challenge for human kind. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it? Climate change is the change of weather, climate, may be due to human or natural causes. The specific expression that we often hear about is the phenomenon does not stop warming the earth, the greenhouse effectRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1139 Words   |  5 Pages The topic of global climate change has been a much debated topic over the years. There is no real scientific consensus on global warming. However, much destruction has happened to the earth that questions the scientific or empirical link between extreme weather and global climate change. There are a lot of events that happens around the globe such as floods, increased precipitation, sea-level rise, and hurricanes that questions the theory of global climate change. Without any clear cut evidenceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1531 Words   |  7 PagesIn the last twenty years, the issues surrounding global climate change have become increasingly dominant in the international community, as the implications associated with the global issue pose many threats to the environment and humanity as a whole. Beginning in the 1970’s, scientific research regarding pollution led scientists to discover that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) where destroying the ozone layer , posing threats to plant and animal life, and humans as a rise in skin cancer followed. LuckilyRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : The Global Warming1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global Climate Change Currently, when human life is growing, human activities play an impact on the environment and climate, which leads to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and therefore remains a huge challenge for life on Earth. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it change? Climate change is caused by natural causes or by humans which possibly fluctuates the cycle of change in weather and climate. The specific expression that we often hear aboutRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And Global Warming1054 Words   |  5 Pagesreally isn t much of a secret that global climate change is happening. From the melting of the polar ice caps, to record severe temperatures, rise in natural disasters, rise in pollution, greater number of vector-borne and water borne illnesses, and much more. Unless there is something done to change the current technology being used to provide energy to the human population global climate change will only continue to get worse. Climate chang e is the biggest global health threat of the 21st centuryRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1565 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming and global climate change has been a consistent news headline and global topic for the past two decades. From a political standpoint, there has been great debate as to whether or not humans are completely to blame, partially to blame, or to blame at all for the changes we are seeing in the Earth’s climate. However, from a scientific perspective, this is not the case. From the Kyoto Protocol, to dummy-downed explanation like in Al Gore’s â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†, to NASA’s comprehensiveRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesdata necessary to identify Amazon’s global carbon emissions. The Earth’s climate has been rapidly warming for the past several decades due to the burning of fossil fuels, with the subsequent release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHG). Global climate change has already caused glaciers and sea ice to melt, plant and animal ranges to shift, sea level rise to accelerate, oceans to acidify, and droughts and heat waves to intensify. Indeed, climate change can be considered to be the main threatRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. The rise in the earth’s temperature has caused some impact to the weather and climate changes to many places worldwide. This rise in temperature has the potential of causing drastic changes to the earth in many ways. It is time to view the global warming concerns

Classification Of Chronic Persistent Pain - 1483 Words

Classification of Chronic Persistent Pain Nociceptive pain is pain resulting when special nerve endings (nociceptors) are stimulated. A classic example is the initial pain from a burn. It is often the pain of the acute phase but may become chronic. Patients complain of sharp and aching pain. It is part of many chronic pain conditions and therefore was not given its own category in table 1. CPP is pain that was expected to resolve, but lasting longer than 3 months, or beyond the usual course or disease causing the pain. The pain, and its causes are frequently multifactorial, and maybe exacerbated by pathophysiology, psychosocial, environmental (loss of work) factors, and physical disability.12,13 Pain can aggravate other medical, and†¦show more content†¦Most of the time, the pain is distributed in a neurological distribution. There maybe impairment in mood, quality of life, and activities of daily living.20 Sensory deficit may present in a glove and stocking (peripheral neuropathy), dermatomal (mononeuropathy), or hemispheric (stroke) distribution. Palpation of the skin may show coolness and mottling in a neurological distribution (autonomic neuropathy).17 Depending on the history and clinical findings, work up may include chemistry profile, CBC, CRP, ESR, TSH, free T4, vitamin B1, B6, B12, RPR, HIV, Lyme titer, and ANA. One may also consider MRI, CT, EMG, ne rve conduction velocity, nerve biopsy, and skin biopsy. Fibromyalgia (FM): The diagnosis of FM has been controversial over the years; it was felt to be a â€Å"garbage† diagnosis. Patients were diagnosed as â€Å"hysterics,† and told their pain was â€Å"imagined.† Even though we do not understand its pathogenesis completely, an increasing body of abnormal findings compared to controls supports the diagnosis, and alterations in the CNS may contribute to the chronic pain of FM.21 FM is the result of centrally-mediated augmentation of pain and sensory process.21 This is supported by increased levels of various pain neurotransmitters, glutmate and substance P,22,23 and fMRI data demonstrated low intensity stimuli in patients with fibromyalgia comparable to high intensity stimuli in controls.24 Patients present with diffuse pain, fatigue, and insomnia. Fibromyalgia tender

Freedom Of Speech And Censorship Essay Example For Students

Freedom Of Speech And Censorship Essay What is the right balance to strike between freedom of and restrictions upon artistic expression? The commonly accepted definition of censorship- that certain texts, images, or films should be banned. The Laymans English Dictionary defines censorship as to examine books, films, letters etc, to remove anything that is considered offensive, morally harmful, or politically dangerous. Narrowing down the definition to cover The Arts scene in Singapore, the question beckons should anyone hue the power to place restrictions on an individuals freedom Of expression? One might liken that tying a gag over someones mouth! In a recent dialogue With Minister Mentor Lee (Friday, October 5th, 2007 Singapore: From Arts to censorship), students posted the view on the natural contradiction in censorship codes and Singapore efforts to promote artistic expression. MM Lee answered simply by suggesting that artists can find expression through many other areas without crossing the red tape. An individuals rights end when they impinge on the safety and rights of others. By enacting laws against pornography and other deviant sexual practices, we have accepted that freedom of expression should have limits. In addition, art, like any other form of free expression, should be subject to the same restrictions on an individuals treated of expression. To create a legal loophole for content such as racially intolerant speech, which could then seek protection on the grounds that it was a tort of art. Other content such as race, religion, violence, coarse language, nudity, homosexuality are less clear cut. However can one say that so long as no illegal acts were committed in the creative process, the public should have a choice in deciding whether to view the resulting content? In recent years (2002-2007) the level of Arts activities in Singapore has gone We have many more events in our annual Arts calendar, higher enrolments in our arts schools, larger number of Singapore who make the Arts a career or serious hobby. At the advent of Singapore Art scene in 2002, Mr.. David T E Limb, Acting minister for Information, Communications and the Arts. (13 April 2002; 2:ISMS) stated the 3 core factors in shaping censorship locally; namely a Multi-racial society, Globalization, and technological advancements. He argues that due to our geographical and historical context are constrained o keep the peace and social harmony first over assertion of rights. One might argue from a point that one who pleases all pleases none at all. Global influence, although with its economic merits might introduce ideas that would destabilize our society or introduce divisive elements, hence the need to filter such influences to suit the maturity of the country, The onslaught of technology has enabled us to command information at our fingertips, hence making it a near impossible task to keep track of; thus undermining controls and safeguards society has in place. In summary, his views (the government views) the resultant stifling Of free expression outweighs the potential for exposure to unacceptable material. Censorship, even when age rating systems are used, is a very blunt tool. It takes no account of the differing standards of education or maturity between children and youths, or the varying attitudes towards parenting in different households. By imposing an external standard of censorship, the government is depriving parents of the right to raise their children in a manner that they see fit. We lose the element of parental discretion, which is arguably part of the right o lead a private family life as one sees fit a right that is enshrined in many international human rights conventions. The European convention Of Human rights, article 8 states that everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. Looking at adults, one can see that they have the right to vote, bear arms, die for the country. Why should they be the deprived Of the ability to decide What they Wish to see, or What their children should be allowed to watch? .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 , .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .postImageUrl , .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 , .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984:hover , .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984:visited , .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984:active { border:0!important; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984:active , .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984 .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u911004700b4c901c567fc206779b2984:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Urbanization Essay PaperLastly, we should note that people are not being forced to view artwork at gunpoint. Every member of the public has the right to avert their eyes not look at art that offends them. Similarly, they can refrain from entering a gallery with an exhibition of offensive works. The risks of stifling free expression far outweigh the potential for unacceptable material. Content which we consider perfectly acceptable today would have been regarded as taboo 50 years ago. In the report of the Censorship Review Committee of 2003, it was noted that the report was kept relevant against the backdrop of our social evolution and changing global landscape while understanding the need to fan he creative flames to the new generation and to accommodate the diversity of views, The social glue that bonds our society was not to be compromised, namely Singapore core values, identity, shared memories, religious and racial harmony But the question one has to ask would be, are these changes coming fast enough to cope with the blooming arts scene here, or is tit tightening noose fighting progress and growth? The report declares that censorship is not just about classification, or access control; nor is it simply about liberations or tightening up. Censorship is multi-dimensional, relating media and artistic expression to the social values of community. (Part IV, 9. 0, Conclusion, peg 71) beg to differ. So does censorship help the artistic cause? Would the general public be far more inclined to support and fund, for example, erotic art with sexual content, if they do not have to worry about their children seeing it? Room scrutinizing the report coupled with the observation of current affairs, only broadcast media such as films and videos receive a full classification system to enforce age restrictions. Arts entertainment receives a brief categorization of allowed, allowed with advisory, RARE, and banned. Publications and sound recordings have only a simple toggle between banned and not banned. Although it seems that arts entertainment in Singapore has been given some leeway due to its niche audience, the censors (mostly comprising of civil servants), are left with the vague guideline objectionable on moral, racial and religious ground, detrimental to Singapores national interests, Regardless of the uniqueness to every art work presented to them, would they take a risk in their decision making, facing the wrath of their governing bodies? Rather than beginning the glue that bonds our society. I favor the latter. In reality, censorship is far more likely to hurt the Arts if something has been decreed by the Government to be unsuitable for children, the odds of the general public wanting to buck the trend and fund it are somewhat slim. Some might argue that certain forms of art, such as certain controversial films and modern art pieces seek to push the boundaries of what is acceptable, even perhaps aim for the lowest denominator in taste, hence leading to unacceptable content which should not be permitted. The risks of stifling free expression, however, far outweigh the potential for unacceptable material. Content which we considered perfectly acceptable today would have been regarded as taboo 50 years ago! From the blob of Mr.. Eng Ye-Sheen (http://allocations. Bloodspot. Com /2007/CA/sensational_21 . Thorn), a fairly accurate list can be found chronicling the censorship history of Singapore since the 1959. A perfect example cited would be the first censor Of the arts in 1968 when the Equator Arts Society exhibition was closed down due to the paintings portrayal of Americans as morally degraded figures. Till recent years where even Leslie Sees photograph book Superstar was banned due to the depiction of male nudity. But clearly the shift towards a more open artistic society is gradual if not at snails pace. The ban on Jukeboxes was only lifted in the early asses and had remained banned for a good 32 years! It is the my opinion that if a novel and controversial art form proved to be completely out of touch with society, then the individuals in society would reject it rather than be corrupted by it. In the advent of modern technology and the internet age, it makes it ultimately infeasible to censor art on the internet. Text, photography and film can now be distributed over the internet. .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 , .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .postImageUrl , .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 , .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8:hover , .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8:visited , .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8:active { border:0!important; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8:active , .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8 .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1288869800fa7a70f2cbaf25753637e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucius and Confucianism EssayIn addition if art is censored which depicts an unacceptable act or viewpoint, it merely sends it underground. It might also glamorous the prohibited artwork and play to the forbidden fruit and counterculture tendencies inherit in human nature, Far better to keep such art accessible to the public, where people can see for themselves that it is unsuitable. If the censorship board is truly acting in line with public morals, it has nothing to fear from transparency and letting the public decide for themselves that a piece Of art is unacceptable.

Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment free essay sample

Abstract This paper will be discussing Bipolar Disorder. It will cover some of today’s diagnosis methods and treatment. The treatments covered will involve psychotherapy and antidepressant drugs. Bipolar Disorder Many refer to Bipolar Disorder as manic-depressive disorder. This disorder causes people to swing from very low depressive states to extreme highs of â€Å"mania. † When people are depressed they may feel sad, hopeless and lose interest in everyday activities. However, when their mood shifts in the other direction they may feel extremely happy and full of vigor. These shifts can occur several times in a year or in worse conditions on a daily basis. This disorder can be quite disruptive long term to your life. However, with a good treatment plan and more importantly following it, this disorder can be controlled. (Mayo Clinic) Let’s define these stages a little deeper. Mania although less common than depression, it is when someone experiences an extreme euphoric state. They tend to become â€Å"pompous† in their behavior and have an inflated self-esteem. People in this manic state can become aggressive towards others and in an extreme episode they can be violent, wild and collapse from extreme exhaustion; thus, beginning their depressed state of bipolar disorder. Depression – a feeling of overwhelming sadness, quilt, lose of interest in pleasurable activities and a feeling of worthlessness. People tend to feel tired, blame themselves for their problems, failures in life, and unable to make the simplest decisions. In acute cases people suffer from lack of concentration, insomnia and lose interest if food and sex. (Morris) What is the difference between being sad and clinically depressed? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) definition is as follows: â€Å"A person who suffers from a major depressive disorder must either have a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities consistently for at least a two week period. This mood must represent a change from the persons normal mood and impair his functioning in his daily life. Further, the symptoms should not be better accounted for by bereavement, i. e. , after the loss of a loved one, the symptoms persist for longer than 2 months or are characterized by marked functional impairment, morbid preoccupation with worthlessness, uicidal ideation, psychotic symptoms, or psychomotor retardation. † (Schimelpfening) Bipolar Disorder can be divided into several subtypes; each with their different set of symptoms. The Mayo Clinic lists the disorders categories as follows: ? Bipolar I disorder. Mood swings with bipolar I cause significant difficulty in your job, school or relationships. Manic episodes can be severe and dangerous. ?Bipolar II disorder. Bipolar II is less severe than bipolar I. You may have an elevated mood, irritability and some changes in your functioning, but generally you can carry on with your normal daily routine. Instead of full-blown mania, you have hypomania — a less severe form of mania. In bipolar II, periods of depression typically last longer than periods of hypomania. ?Cyclothymia. Cyclothymia is a mild form of bipolar disorder. With cyclothymia, hypomania and depression can be disruptive, but the highs and lows are not as severe as they are with other types of bipolar disorder. (Mayo Clinic). We must remember that these categories are just guidelines. People experiences are often quite different and may vary from these categories. Treatments So, what are the treatments being implemented today for this disorder? Some therapists believe in psychotherapy, some in drug therapies and others in a combination of both. Psychoanalysis is used to help people deal with their repressed feeling, memories, and thoughts to give them a voice. After a period of time most people start feeling comfortable with their therapist. However, this procedure can be very slow. Drugs are divided into two categories’; antipsychotic and antidepressant. Antipsychotic drugs are primary used for people who have extreme psychological disorders such as schizophrenia. They work will in treating the positive symptoms but not as well in treating the negative ones. Antipsychotic drugs block the dopamine receptors from allowing and an excess of dopamine to the brain. Antidepressant drugs reduce the uptake of serotonin to the nervous system. This increases the serotonin levels in the brain. Correcting these chemical imbalances in the brain reduces the symptoms of depression and anxiety in most patients. Mental Health Weekly Digest reported that the University of Sidney had reported the following on the use of Lithium: â€Å"Lithium is a unique and effective psychotropic agent†¦the present paper was to succinctly review the therapeutic profile of lithium particularly with respect to the reatment of mood disorders and consider its unique properties and clinical utility, scientists writing in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry report†¦The researchers concluded: Arguably, lithium is the only true mood stabilizer and because of its unique properties is in a class of its own. † (Health Weekly) Many other drugs on the market are being used such as Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft. However, for many on some sort of drug therapy is not enough. It needs to be complimented with psychotherapy to help people learn why and how to deal with certain aspects of their lives.